Sample code: import java.util.*; public class TestArrayL... If you use iterators, the for loop is equivalent to: for (Iterator<String> i = l.iterator(); i.hasNext(... The simplified for loop (or, for-each loop) can be used for arrays or objects that implement java.lang.Iterable . Note that by using generics, there's not need to down cast. But new for loop syntax doesn't down cast either. If List<String> is changed tp List<Object> , the code doesn't compile.

This code snippet import java.util.*; public class UncheckedCast ... fails with a compilation error and a warning: $ javac -Xlint:unchecked UncheckedCast.java Unc... Because List<String> is not a reifiable type, the Java Runtime does not have enough information to verify the type or do the type casting. This is fixed by changing List<String> to List<?> (or to the raw type List ): public static void main(String[] args) { Ob...

There's no such thing as an immutable byte array in Java. What we are trying to achieve here is to protect the byte array inside the object from which it is being returned. We want to caller to have the contents of the byte array, but not be able to change the contents inside the object. The trick is to return a copy instead of the internal reference: public class ReturnByteArray { public stati...

This is an example that uses dynamic proxies to trace method calls (in logging) and print out elapsed times for them. Because dynamic proxies can only be generated for interfaces, the service classes must be implemented with interface-implementation pairs. Create services A and B. A.java : public interface A { public void service1()... AImpl.java : import java.util.Random; public class AImpl... B.java : public interface B { public void service1()... BImpl.java : public class BImpl implements B { public vo... The call trace proxy: import java.lang.reflect.*; class TraceProx... The performance proxy: import java.lang.reflect.*; class Performan... The service factory: import java.lang.reflect.*; public class Se... The test class: public class Test { public static void main... The output: Entering AImpl.service1 Entering BImpl.service1... The above example has no information...

Dynamic proxy can be used to eliminate the need to stub out unused interface methods. This is an example for a simple SAX content handler for XML parsing. The org.xml.sax.ContentHandler interface requires 11 methods be implemented but we only need three: import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Ar... With a dynamic proxy, we don't need the empty blocks for the unused methods: import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Ar... Equivalently (with anonymous inner class): import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Ar... demo.xml : <breakfast-menu> <food> <name>Belgian W...

Facts: Dynamic proxy classes are generated by the Java runtime, from a list of interfaces given by the user. The generated proxy class implements all interfaces given by the user. The dynamic proxy class is not synthetic . The dynamic proxy class is useless without a user supplied InvocationHandler class, since there's only one constructor for the proxy class and it takes a InvocationHandler as parameter. Example code: import java.lang.reflect.Constructor; import ja... Output: Class: $Proxy0 isSynthetic: false Constructo...

Given a class A : class A { public int doWork(String s, int i... it is OK to call method doWork with both primitive types and the corresponding wrapping object types: new A().doWork("Hello", 1, false); new A().doWo... However, if you find method by parameter types with Java reflection, the types must match exactly, i.e., Class<?> c = Class.forName("A"); // This call f... This is a utility to find methods with compatible parameter types: import java.lang.reflect.*; import java.util.*;... Example usage: Method m = ReflectionUtil.getCompatibleMethod(c, "...

Some javap usage examples. Start from HelloWorld.java : @Deprecated public class HelloWorld { pu... javap -c HelloWorld outputs: Compiled from "HelloWorld.java" public class He... javap -v HelloWorld outputs ( -v for verbose mode): Compiled from "HelloWorld.java" public class He... The output consists of: " Compiled from... " header Class attributes. For the HelloWorld example, there are two: SourceFile and Deprecated . Minor and major class file version Constant pool Disassembled code LineNumberTable for debugging purposes. javap by default only prints package/protected/public members. To display all members including private, use the -p switch. javap -v -p HelloWorld

This is a utility to convert a string value to one of the primitive type values. It is useful in Java reflection code where the value comes in as a string (e.g., from XML parsing), and the type of the value cannot be decided until runtime. import java.util.*; import java.lang.reflect.*;... Note: This method can be extended to convert string to more complex types by writing a converter for the destination type. For example, to convert string to date: public class DateConverter { public static ... Usage: Date d = (Date) ConvertUtil.convert("10/12/2010", ...

Example code: import java.lang.reflect.*; public class Co...